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The Promethean
Reason Delivered 
 
An E-Newsletter of Prometheus Books
                                                                    June 2008 
No. 10  
In This Issue
The Erosion of Attention
The Convergence of Technology
Sneak Preview: Future Bioethics
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Welcome to the June 2008 edition of The Promethean!

In this issue, we'll explore ways in which technology has shaped, and is shaping, contemporary society and our lives as individuals. We first examine a book that offers a shocking new look at how communication and transportation technologies are interacting with human nature to erode our capacity for sustained attention, a development that potentially threatens the foundations of our civilization. Next, we will explore the ways in which diverse technologies have come together to be applied in novel situations that have changed our lives immensely, as well as possibilities for both positive and negative developments in the future. Finally, we will finish with a sneak preview of an analysis of current and future bioethical disputes.
The Erosion of Attention: Are We on the Cusp of Another Dark Age?                                
 
DistractedCell phones, Blackberries, e-mail, laptops allowing people to bring their work anywhere, news arriving in perfectly condensed and filtered snippets via the Internet and TV, never before has communication been so instantaneous, information distributed so quickly. Never before have people been so connected. With a phone call or a click of a button, people can find immediate answers to their questions, share their thoughts with friends, family, and colleagues in distant places, as well as gather information on highly specialized subject matter.              
 

One would assume that this preponderance of advanced communication technology would promote the development of a well-informed and close-knit society. While this is obviously true to some extent and there are many benefits to be derived from these technologies, award-winning author and journalist Maggie Jackson surprisingly has found that compared to past generations, we are in fact less capable of quality analytical thinking, more ignorant about many issues, and more fragmented. Paradoxically, never before have we been so disconnected. This, she concludes, is due to the disintegration of attention. After extensively researching the history of communication and transportation technology, today's society, and scientific studies of human cognition, Jackson has documented her compelling case and some possible remedies in her new book Distracted: The Erosion of Attention and the Coming Dark Age ($25.95, June 2008). MIT professor Alan Lightman calls it, "an important book...a harrowing documentation of our modern world's descent into fragmentation, self alienation, and emptiness--brought on, to a large extent, by communication technologies that distract us, dislocate us, and destroy our inner lives." He continues, "Others have commented on these issues, but I have never seen them gathered together and documented as completely as Jackson has done."
 

Jackson's characterization of "attention" stems from studies in neuroscience that have identified a cognitive system comprised of three networks--awareness, focus, and executive attention (planning and decision making)--that work together to act as the "brain's conductor, leading the orchestration of our minds." As she explains in interviews on NPR's Diane Rehm Show and for Business Week, the awareness and focus networks are systems responsible for gathering information about the environment, and the executive attention network is responsible for making decisions based on that information. Sustained attention is necessary for learning, deep thinking, emotional development, building relationships, and many other essential tasks. Attention is the building block of intimacy, wisdom, and cultural progress. Without it, it would be impossible to function in any meaningful way.

 
Maggie Jackson In Distracted Jackson demonstrates that the erosion of attention began with the development of communication and transportation technologies in the late 1800's. The introduction of the telegram meant that people could communicate across the globe almost instantaneously, and the advent of railroads and steamships allowed people to travel the world at unprecedented speeds. These developments effectively changed the way that people viewed the world in terms of time and space.
 
In today's world, this altered perspective has been greatly accelerated. Cell phones, e-mails, and numerous other devices compete for our attention. Because of this constant nagging, it becomes nearly impossible to utilize our capacity for sustained attention. Jackson's guest blog for the New York Times Business Section noted that the average worker switches tasks every three minutes and once interrupted takes nearly half an hour to go back to the original task. Families, friends, and lovers find it increasingly difficult to meet face-to-face and even more difficult to do so without interruption or willful multitasking. News segments bombard us with superficially simple pieces of information that people have very little time to reflect upon. We have essentially been ushered into a world of constant distraction in which reflective thinking has become exceedingly rare.

As Jackson makes clear, this is a dangerous path to follow. Analytical reasoning exams show that children and college graduates have a decreased capacity for rigorous thought and analysis. These are important skills for running businesses, making informed political decisions, and innovating new ideas--all of which are necessary components of an advanced democratic society such as our own. Parents' lack of focused attention directed toward their children often leads to a myriad of emotional and behavioral problems. Not giving loved ones our undivided attention causes relationships to disintegrate. The erosion of attention is largely equivalent to the erosion of our society. It is in this respect that Jackson warns of a possible dark age. She further points out that much like the current atmosphere, previous dark ages were marked by brilliant technological innovations coupled with a lack of widespread interest in academic pursuits. The New York Post agrees that "Distracted gives us much to fret about."

Despite the similarities between the contemporary world and previous dark ages, Jackson remains optimistic. Although she makes it clear that if we squander our powers of attention, our technological age could ultimately slip into cultural decline, she also notes that we are just as capable of igniting a renaissance of attention by strengthening our skills of focus and perception, the keys to judgment, memory, morality, and happiness. She reveals the astonishing scientific discoveries that can help us rekindle our powers of attention in a world of speed and overload. Harvard Business School professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter calls Distracted a "wake-up call to all of us to take back our lives, turn off the technology, and focus on paying attention to what makes us human and fulfilled."

Distracted is an original exposé of the multifaceted nature of attention, an engaging and often surprising portrait of postmodern life, and a compelling roadmap for cultivating sustained focus and nurturing a more enriched and literate society. More than ever, we cannot afford to let distraction become the marker of our time.
Technologies Converge to Shape our Lives in Unimaginable Ways
 
 

The Coming ConvergenceImagine direct communication links between the human brain and machines, or tailored materials capable of adapting by themselves to changing environmental conditions, or computer chips and environmental sensors embedded into everyday clothing, or medical technologies that eliminate currently untreatable conditions such as blindness and paralysis. Now imagine all of these developments occurring at the same time. Far-fetched? Not so. These are actually the reasonable predictions of scientists attempting to forecast a few decades into the future based on the rapid pace of innovation.

 

Author Stanley Schmidt--physicist, writer, and Editor of Analog: Science Fiction and Fact-explores these and many more amazing yet probable scenarios in The Coming Convergence: The Surprising Ways Diverse Technologies Interact to Shape Our World and Change the Future ($27.95, April 2008), which New Scientist says, "does an excellent job of highlighting how all sorts of technologies have historically converged to create new and unanticipated possibilities." In this fascinating guide to the near future, Schmidt uses his scientific knowledge and expertise to show how past convergences have led to today's world, then considers tomorrow's main currents in biotechnology, cognitive science, information technology, and nanotechnology. Looking even further downstream, he foresees both exciting and potentially dangerous developments:

  • Longer, healthier lives
  • Cheap, generally available food, energy, and technology
  • Reduced pollution and environmental stress
  • Excessive power in too few hands
  • Increased vulnerability from overdependence on technology.

Schmidt notes that even routine technology such as the CAT scan is the result of three wholly separate innovations started many decades ago which recently converged: the X-ray, the computer, and advances in medicine. On a more ominous note, he also observes that the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center was made possible by the malicious convergence of two separate trends in modern engineering and technology: the concentration of people in high rises within cities and the success of the passenger airline industry. The message is clear:  the choices we make now will converge to create a near and distant future that will be almost unbelievably wonderful or unimaginably catastrophic, or both.
 

As John Gribbin, author of The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors, puts it, "Stanley Schmidt's vision of the future manages to steer a fine line between doom and gloom. He warns us of the problems inherent in the runaway growth of technology, but also describes the almost unimaginable benefits that can occur when different technologies come together in a happy marriage. The overall effect is uplifting and inspiring; if you think the world has changed a lot in the past twenty years, as someone once said, 'you ain't seen nothin' yet'."

Sneak Preview: Future Bioethics 
 
Future BioethicsFew areas of public policy have been fraught with as much controversy as bioethics. Each novel development in biomedical technology seems to spark rancorous disputes. Those averse to new technologies often express the concern that the new technology is "unnatural" or requires us to "play God." Slogans such as "Frankenfoods" and "sanctity of life" substitute for reasoned argument. 
 
Bioethicist Dr. Frank Lindsay's upcoming Future Bioethics: Overcoming Taboos, Myths, and Dogmas ($28.95, August 2008) is an ambitious book that seeks to reframe the debates surrounding current controversies in bioethics. Carefully examining and dissecting claims made by many policy makers and ethicists on topics such as assistance in dying, genetic engineering, and embryonic stem cell research, Lindsay shows that all too often these claims are based on instinctive reactions, beliefs that lack factual support, and religious or ideological dogma. 
 
After describing in detail the proper way to approach and resolve a dispute in bioethics, Lindsay proceeds to analyze several different cutting-edge issues. Through his insightful analysis, Lindsay demonstrates how to achieve pragmatic, progressive solutions to these controversies.
 
"Lindsay's discussion of contemporary bioethical issues is distinguished by features that are sorely needed in serious books for the popular audience: clarity without condescension, and depth without obscurantism," says Barbara Forrest, coauthor with Paul R. Gross of Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design, "His arguments are informed by common sense, compassion, and respect for ordinary people who must make the life-altering decisions that have become routine not only in modern medical care but in virtually all aspects of life in the modern world." 
 
An antidote for misguided thinking, Future Bioethics illuminates the way forward to bioethics policies appropriate for the twenty-first century.
 
We have been innovating new and exciting ideas since the beginning of our existence. Over thousands of years, technology created by mankind has become more and more integrated into the fabric of our society and now shapes us more than ever before. The above titles demonstrate the importance of maintaining control over our creations and our selves by thinking carefully about the implications of the ways in which we implement new and wondrous technologies. We must always ensure that we pave the most positive path for humanity. 
 
We hope this edition of The Promethean has inspired you to further explore the ever-evolving relationship between humans and technology and the ways in which it impacts your life. Feel free to send us any suggestions, comments, or questions you may have. Email us:

marketing@prometheusbooks.com
 
Best wishes,
 

The Marketing Department
Prometheus Books, Publishers
 

 
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